What teachers believe about the commitment and capacity of students to learn is among the most powerful predictors of student success. All students do better when they believe their teachers are committed to their success and see them as having learning potential and being capable of succeeding. However, students who have a history of struggle and need more time and support to succeed are often even more sensitive to how they are seen by their teacher—and the impact is even greater.
The starting point for finding success with students is to be convinced that they can learn and we have the capacity to make their success possible. When we are confident in and committed to the success of our students, we communicate this information in myriad ways, many of which we do not consciously choose. The same is true when we lack confidence in the potential of students.
Meanwhile, students are hyper attuned to the signals and signs that reveal what their teachers believe about and expect from them. Virtually every interaction is mined for meaning and may be internalized in ways that influence student behavior and commitment.
We do not want to believe that we tell students that we do not see them as having high potential or that they are not likely to succeed in our class. For the most part, we probably do not explicitly convey such a message. Yet, buried within interactions with students can be disheartening and damaging messages that get in the way of reaching all students. Here are seven common circumstances in which positive and negative messages often are sent.
Opportunities to contribute. Without care and attention, teachers can find themselves calling on students whom they believe are likely to have answers and will be quick to respond. Teachers may feel pressure to keep the lesson moving and favor efficiency over equitable opportunities to respond. Some students may be relieved not to be “put on the spot,” but they also feel a lack of confidence in their capability.
How much time students are given to respond. When teachers believe that a student can provide a valid response to a question, an insight, or useful thought, they tend to give them more time and encouragement than might be offered to a student not expected to have an answer or idea to contribute. Yet, with more time and support, students who may not often contribute may have something worthwhile to offer. Students who might struggle or need more time may feel relieved to be “let off the hook,” but they also are likely see it as a message about their potential.
Nonverbal behavior during interactions. When students who are assumed to be capable learners have a comment or question, they are more likely to experience voice tones, facial expressions, and other nonverbal behaviors that are encouraging, supportive, and patient. Meanwhile, students who do not enjoy this perception are more likely to experience interactions that convey less empathy, lack of patience, and lower levels of interest.
Level and extensiveness of feedback. When teachers believe students are highly capable of understanding, accepting, and using feedback, they are more likely to take additional time, provide more detailed guidance, and offer follow-up. On the other hand, students who have a history of struggle often are given more superficial and directive feedback and managed check-in on their progress. Students notice the difference and interpret the behavior as an assessment of their potential.
Who is blamed for confusion. When students who are perceived as capable are confused, teachers are more likely to assume that they did not provide a clear explanation, adequate examples, or sufficient directions. Conversely, confusion and questions from students assumed to be less capable can be met with exhortations to pay better attention, listen more carefully, and follow the examples of other students.
Interpretation of the meaning of mistakes. When students who are perceived as capable make mistakes the interpretation is more likely to be that they need more time, opportunities, and guidance to succeed. On the other hand, students who do not enjoy such perceptions can be seen as not giving adequate effort, being careless, or lacking learning skills.
Amount of flexibility. Students who are seen as capable learners also can be given greater flexibility and more second chances when they ask for consideration. Their requests are more likely to be seen as based on legitimate needs. Conversely, students who are perceived as less capable might be assumed to have not been responsible, as giving inadequate effort, and being disorganized and thus are less worthy of special consideration.
Fortunately, with some thought and attention, we can resist falling into patterns of interaction with students that convey negative messages that we do not intend and do not reflect what we believe about our students and their potential.
