The Master Teacher Blog

Convincing students to do what we want and need them to do can be a challenge. Admittedly, some students are easily motivated by a challenge, a relevant topic, or even the expectation that they accomplish a task or learn a skill. Yet, other students respond less positively or not at all to generic motivational efforts and approaches. We may think that the only way to motivate them is to rely on fear, threats, shame, or criticism. 

Negative motivational approaches often seem as though they work—at least in the near term. When we threaten students with negative consequences such as failure or public shame, they often comply—at least while we are watching. When the choice is to criticize students as being lazy or careless, it may seem that they give more effort or pay closer attention—for the moment.

However, negative motivational approaches often come with a high price. Consider:

• Demands for compliance rarely result in long-term learning commitment.
• Criticism can erode confidence in learning potential.
• Threats can lead to avoidance of punishment or disapproval rather than learning driven by curiosity and creativity.
• Discouraging and harsh comments are more apt to leave students feeling unsafe and disliked than motivated.
• Coercive approaches are more likely to generate resentment, avoidance, and even defiance rather than to motivate.

Some people may argue that they know their students, and they are able to discern when a negative approach is necessary. In the short term, they might appear to have a point. They may seem to stimulate the behavior they demand via negative approaches. However, what is less obvious and more important are the long-term consequences that negative motivational attempts can generate such as:

• Diminished trust.
• Reduced self-respect.
• Lower levels of self-confidence.
• Weaker self-regulation behaviors and skills.
• Increased dependence on others for direction.
• Greater needs for external validation.

So, what are some positive alternatives to dependence on negative motivational strategies? Here are six options to consider and build on:

• Correct behavior while affirming the student’s worth and potential.
• Reaffirm student agency through choices, recognition of progress, and goal setting.
• Offer positive pressure through attainable challenges, clear goals, and timely feedback and encouragement.
• Connect learning to student interests, purpose, growth, and service to others.
• Notice and reinforce effort, progress, and goal achievement.
• Hold high expectations and support students to meet them.

Without question, motivation is a crucial element in learning. Finding ways to motivate and teach students how to motivate themselves can be challenging. However, resorting to negative motivational strategies comes with significant risks for students that can be lifelong. The additional time and thought required to stimulate learning interest and commitment via positive approaches are more than worth the effort and can benefit students long after they leave us.

Teaching involves lots of talking. We introduce new concepts and skills, provide guidance and support, offer feedback and direction—all of which require verbal cues and interactions. It is also true that what we say, the words we choose, and the timing of our communication matter.

Unfortunately, over time, our speech can fall into patterns that feel natural, but we may give little thought to the messages they carry. They may be phrases and statements that we heard from our teachers, or they may just seem useful in the moment.  Nevertheless, what we say can have a greater impact than we realize. Let’s examine seven common teacher statements that can shut down engagement and undermine learning.

We don’t have time for questions.

We might be reluctant to interrupt a planned lesson or the flow of an ongoing explanation. However, questions are indicators of curiosity, confusion, and interest in learning. Ignoring or refusing questions risks stifling curiosity, deepening confusion, and fostering disengagement. Whenever practical, we need to take questions as they surface. If the answer to a question can wait, we might invite the student to hold the question and promise to address it at the conclusion of the current activity. Or we might signal that an opportunity for questions is coming soon and ask students to jot down their questions so they are captured and can be addressed.

I just explained this.

This statement may be correct, but if students were not listening, couldn’t hear us, or the explanation was not clear to them, they won’t be able to use our explanation to move their learning forward. Rather than pointing out that an explanation has been given, we might focus on what students did not hear or understand. Checking for understanding is likely to be more supportive of learning than focusing on what students should have heard and understood. 

You need to try harder.

The amount of effort a student is giving may be inadequate to support development of the intended learning. However, effort is only one contributor to learning success. Focusing on effort alone can leave students feeling unable to succeed and with nowhere to turn. Good strategy, deep reflection, sense making, and effective use of resources also are crucial to learning growth. Balancing effort with other contributing elements can give students multiple places to find success.

This should be easy.

The fact is that what may seem easy to us or even for some other students may not be easy for all students. Declaring that a learning task should be easy risks discouraging or undermining the confidence of students for whom the new concept or skill requires struggle. The implication of the statement is that if the learning task is not easy, it is the students’ fault, or that the student is not a good learner.

You should already know this.

It may be true that we have already taught students what they need to know to be successful with a current learning challenge. However, our teaching is not the same as student learning and recall. Our verbal observation of what may be obvious suggests that the problem lies with the student, when the cause may be shared or at least more complicated. Rather than lamenting what students do not know or do not recall, our time will be better spent, and students will be better served by refreshing, reviewing, or reteaching what students need to know to be successful. 

You are so smart.

On the surface, praising a student’s intelligence may seem like a good confidence builder. Yet, the statement implies that the student was successful because of his or her intelligence alone. Unfortunately, intelligence by itself can only take learning so far. Without good strategies and effective effort, students can encounter challenges for which their intelligence alone is no match. Consequently, students may give up, believing they are not smart enough to go any further. Alternatively, they may avoid learning challenges that risk revealing that they are not as intelligent as we assume.

Just follow these steps.

Following dictated steps might lead to a correct answer, but it does not necessarily lead to learning. Not knowing why or understanding the relationship between actions and outcomes can leave students dependent on remembering the steps to take, not why the steps are important or how they lead to a correct answer. Further, this admonition suggests that there is a single way of solving a problem or finding an answer, while in most situations multiple paths can lead to success.   

We have much to say to students and they have much to learn from us. It is worth the effort to examine the common phrases we use and the exhortations we depend on to urge students to learn. We need to lift students up and focus their attention on where it will make the greatest difference. Consequently, we need to choose our words carefully.

As we turn the page to a new month and calendar year, now is a good time to step back and consider what lies ahead and what we want our students to achieve. How can we have the greatest impact on learning? Where might we make some changes? What holds the greatest potential to lift the learning performance of our students?

Of course, there are many options and possibilities to consider. However, there is a relatively short list of high impact actions we can take that can make an outsized difference. In fact, just five key elements can combine to accelerate student learning, build higher levels of achievement, and make learning more meaningful.

The good news is that each of these elements are within our control. But they need to become part of our relationship and engagement with students every day. We might think of these five elements as ingredients in a recipe for success in the second half of the year— and beyond.

Confidence in student potential

Students rarely perform at levels beyond what we believe they can. Students feel when we think that they can do better than they show and are quick to sense when we believe that they lack the potential to succeed. What we believe about our students matters—a lot. Multiple studies have shown that what teachers believe about the potential of their students can be a major predictor of their achievement. Now is a good time to revisit what we believe about our students’ potential for success and build our confidence on their behalf.

High expectations

Students typically rise to the level of our expectations. When we hold high expectations, students are more likely to strive to meet them. High expectations are a powerful way to communicate to students that we believe in their potential. On the other hand, having low expectations almost always results in low achievement. It is a message to students that we do not believe in their potential. Having high expectations that students may not quite meet is far preferable than low expectations that students can easily satisfy.

Timely support

Our belief in the potential of our students and holding high expectations for their learning are heavily dependent on students experiencing timely, useful support. Telling students that we believe in their potential and have high expectations holds little meaning and value if we are not present and ready to guide, coach, nudge, intervene, and teach when they need it.  

Relevant and purposeful learning

Confidence, expectations, and support have the greatest impact when what we ask students to learn seems relevant to their lives and purposeful enough to invest their time and energy. Of course, not everything we ask students to learn may seem immediately relevant or serve a purpose that is obvious to them. However, when we help students to see connections to what they already know and point out life applications where they exist, we can build credibility to carry through when connections and relevance are less immediate. Meanwhile, we can coach students to set and track learning goals. The presence of meaningful goals and the ability to see progress often can be a useful substitute for immediate life relevance.

Safe space to take learning risks

Learning that is challenging and worthwhile almost always involves mistakes and errors. We can encourage students to press at the edges of what they know and feel safe that making mistakes while learning will be accepted—even celebrated as evidence of new and challenging learning efforts. We also can encourage students to use what they learn to explore new questions and discover new learning on their own. The autonomy to explore new learning without fear of embarrassment and criticism when they fail can be a powerful learning motivator.

Of course, the impact of these elements is even greater when we form strong, positive relationships with our students, help them feel as though they fit in and belong, and they are valued beyond the grades and test scores they achieve.

What teachers believe about the commitment and capacity of students to learn is among the most powerful predictors of student success. All students do better when they believe their teachers are committed to their success and see them as having learning potential and being capable of succeeding. However, students who have a history of struggle and need more time and support to succeed are often even more sensitive to how they are seen by their teacher—and the impact is even greater.

The starting point for finding success with students is to be convinced that they can learn and we have the capacity to make their success possible. When we are confident in and committed to the success of our students, we communicate this information in myriad ways, many of which we do not consciously choose. The same is true when we lack confidence in the potential of students.

Meanwhile, students are hyper attuned to the signals and signs that reveal what their teachers believe about and expect from them. Virtually every interaction is mined for meaning and may be internalized in ways that influence student behavior and commitment.

We do not want to believe that we tell students that we do not see them as having high potential or that they are not likely to succeed in our class. For the most part, we probably do not explicitly convey such a message. Yet, buried within interactions with students can be disheartening and damaging messages that get in the way of reaching all students. Here are seven common circumstances in which positive and negative messages often are sent.

Opportunities to contribute. Without care and attention, teachers can find themselves calling on students whom they believe are likely to have answers and will be quick to respond. Teachers may feel pressure to keep the lesson moving and favor efficiency over equitable opportunities to respond. Some students may be relieved not to be “put on the spot,” but they also feel a lack of confidence in their capability.

How much time students are given to respond. When teachers believe that a student can provide a valid response to a question, an insight, or useful thought, they tend to give them more time and encouragement than might be offered to a student not expected to have an answer or idea to contribute. Yet, with more time and support, students who may not often contribute may have something worthwhile to offer. Students who might struggle or need more time may feel relieved to be “let off the hook,” but they also are likely see it as a message about their potential.  

Nonverbal behavior during interactions. When students who are assumed to be capable learners have a comment or question, they are more likely to experience voice tones, facial expressions, and other nonverbal behaviors that are encouraging, supportive, and patient. Meanwhile, students who do not enjoy this perception are more likely to experience interactions that convey less empathy, lack of patience, and lower levels of interest.

Level and extensiveness of feedback. When teachers believe students are highly capable of understanding, accepting, and using feedback, they are more likely to take additional time, provide more detailed guidance, and offer follow-up. On the other hand, students who have a history of struggle often are given more superficial and directive feedback and managed check-in on their progress. Students notice the difference and interpret the behavior as an assessment of their potential.

Who is blamed for confusion. When students who are perceived as capable are confused, teachers are more likely to assume that they did not provide a clear explanation, adequate examples, or sufficient directions. Conversely, confusion and questions from students assumed to be less capable can be met with exhortations to pay better attention, listen more carefully, and follow the examples of other students.   

Interpretation of the meaning of mistakes. When students who are perceived as capable make mistakes the interpretation is more likely to be that they need more time, opportunities, and guidance to succeed. On the other hand, students who do not enjoy such perceptions can be seen as not giving adequate effort, being careless, or lacking learning skills. 

Amount of flexibility. Students who are seen as capable learners also can be given greater flexibility and more second chances when they ask for consideration. Their requests are more likely to be seen as based on legitimate needs. Conversely, students who are perceived as less capable might be assumed to have not been responsible, as giving inadequate effort, and being disorganized and thus are less worthy of special consideration.

Fortunately, with some thought and attention, we can resist falling into patterns of interaction with students that convey negative messages that we do not intend and do not reflect what we believe about our students and their potential.

It is often said that hope is not a strategy. While the statement may be correct, it risks ignoring the important relationship between hope and strategy. Strategy developed without hope is not likely to be implemented and sustained. Conversely, hope can be the impetus to develop, implement, and persist with a strategy.

When we consider this relationship in the context of learning, we can see how students who lack hope of success are not likely to invest deeply in learning paths or overcoming learning challenges. Students who lack hope often choose distraction and undermining behaviors to avoid the pain of being exposed to failure. The absence of hope can masquerade as lack of caring, laziness, and even resistance. It also can lead to other avoidance behaviors such as withdrawal and frequent absences. 

Meanwhile, hope can be the stimuli students need to try something new, take learning risks, and persist when learning is a struggle. Hope can help students to see possibilities, overcome mistakes and setbacks, and navigate learning barriers. Hope is empowering and builds confidence.

Unfortunately, too many students come to school each day lacking the level of hope that can sustain them through difficult and challenging experiences. They too often choose to give up rather than keep trying, and, in some cases, they may choose not even to try.

So, how can we inspire, nurture, and reinforce hope for learning in our students? Of course, we can’t give students hope directly, but we can create conditions under which hope is likely to emerge and grow. Consider these tips and techniques as places to start and on which to build:

• Look for opportunities to help students connect their efforts to outcomes. When students can see that their actions matter and they can influence outcomes, hope becomes easier to grasp.
• Recognize and reinforce effort, even when success is not immediate. Admittedly, effort alone is not success, but our recognition and reinforcement can be the impetus for students to renew their effort and ultimately succeed.
• Find and celebrate small wins. Helping students to see that they are capable of success, even in small doses, can build confidence and support risk taking.
• Help students to see what the next steps are in learning. Clear, modest next steps can make the path forward easier to see and less overwhelming to contemplate.
• When students struggle, use “not yet” language rather than “wrong” or “failure.” Recognizing that learning is a journey and takes time, but success remains obtainable, can help students to keep trying.
• Offer choices in how students might approach a task. Giving options can foster ownership and encourage students to stick with what they have chosen.
• Connect learning to student interest or priority. Establishing a link between something the student values and a learning task can make it easier for them to try and seek progress. However, we need to be careful not to have students feel manipulated or patronized.
• Use optimistic language when discussing tasks and challenges. Students tune in to how we view their potential even when we are not explicit. Choosing words like “when,” not “if” can make a difference.
• Foster a climate of caring, support, and inclusion. When students support each other, reluctant students often are more open and willing to try than when they feel isolated and alone.
• Share times and circumstances when we have struggled and kept going until we found success. When we have a strong relationship with students, our experiences can carry extra significance and give students confidence that they, too, can succeed.

Hope can be a powerful driver of learning. When hope is present, effort and struggle can feel worthwhile. When students have hope, they are more likely to accept our coaching and heed our advice. Our challenge is to create conditions under which hope can flourish and success is worth pursuing.

During this time of the year, the days are shorter and natural light is present for fewer hours. Yet, this month is still known as the season of lights; we hang lights, decorate with lights, celebrate with lights, and marvel at the beauty lights can project. At a time when we cannot necessarily depend on light from natural sources, we create, display, and share light to brighten our lives and the lives of others.

When light is scarce, we are keener to celebrate its presence. In fact, light at this time of year does not just seem to shine brighter, it travels farther. Light that might be barely noticeable in bright sunshine can be a penetrating beacon during a dark night. We notice it more and are drawn to it. The greater the darkness, the greater the impact light has on and in our lives.

Of course, this phenomenon is not just physical. A similar relationship exists emotionally and psychologically. When life feels darkest—when we experience disappointment, endure depression, and experience sadness—we appreciate the “light” that people around us bring, share, and ignite in our lives.

Amid the celebrations that accompany this holiday season, we do well to consider the light we can offer to and inspire in the lives of those around us: students, colleagues, friends, family, and others with whom our lives intersect. The good news is that bringing light into the lives of others does not have to be a big event nor does it require excessive effort. Often a little thought, some awareness, and a measure of attention are all that is required to brighten the day of someone who is experiencing emotional darkness. Here are a few examples to consider and build on:

• Noticing. Taking a few seconds to go beyond generic greetings to make eye contact, checking on someone’s day, inquiring about their plans, or just wishing them a good evening can be all that it takes to remind someone that they are noticed and they matter. 
• Understanding. Spending a few minutes just listening and seeking to understand can be a gift that means more than we might imagine. Being genuinely heard can be a special gift.
• Encouraging. Just a few words assuring someone that “they’ve got this,” they have what it takes to make it through, or that you are behind them can be enough for them persist and overcome what they face.
• Giving. Offering to help with a task or project, sharing resources, or just showing up with a cup of coffee can lighten an emotional load and make the day of someone who is feeling overwhelmed or struggling to keep going.
• Thanking. Letting someone know that we appreciate them, we are grateful to have them in our lives or are thankful for something they have done can make their day and lift their spirit.
• Caring. Knowing someone cares can feel like a lifeline in times of loneliness and isolation. Remembering to check in, stop by, or otherwise reach out and be there for someone can be all that it takes to make a difference.

There is a quote: “The best things in life are not things.” We can become caught up in the “things” of the holidays and forget that what may matter most to the people in our lives is what we are to them, not the things we give to them. Equally important, when we bring light into the lives of others, our lives feel brighter too.

We have many tools for communicating at our disposal. We can make powerful statements, present compelling arguments, and ask compelling questions. We can shout, whisper, speak quickly, or slow our speaking pace. Yet, arguably, the most powerful and flexible communication tool we possess isn’t found in the sounds we make. It resides in the silence we create.

The space when we are not speaking can communicate a wealth of meaning. When we choose to pause our words and remain silent, we can say more than we might when using dozens of words. Arguably, there is no other communication tool with as many potential uses and that packs as much power as the pause.

Of course, the meaning and impact of creating a pause may depend on elements such as timing, context, and non-verbal supports. However, we should not underestimate the power of a pause to convey an important message, provide space for reflection, or offer an opportunity for deeper connection. Consider these ten roles a pause can play and the impact each application can have:

• Offering evidence of active listening. A pause following something said can communicate active listening and a commitment to hear, not just speak.
• Showing patience and respect. A pause can be a signal for someone to speak during conversation, whether one-on-one or in a group. It can be a sign that we are ready to listen. 
• Express doubt. Saying nothing can say a lot about whether we believe what we are hearing. If fact, when people are not being honest, a pause can lead them to say more than they intend to fill the silence and strengthen their story.
• Inviting agreement or disagreement. Pausing after making an argument or stating a position can be an invitation for a response. A pause can create space for reaction, minimize interruptions, and support a respectful exchange on an emotional topic.
• Frame a response. Rather than making a knee jerk reaction, a pause can create the space we need to respond thoughtfully. A pause can also give us time to gain control of our emotions and choose to avoid “taking the bait.”
• Offering space for reflection.  A pause can be a time to process what has been said. A pause can allow us to take in something important or emotional, consider its implications, and appreciate its importance.
• Create tension or drama. When telling a story or making a presentation, pausing before revealing an important piece of information can create anticipation, build tension, and maximize the attention the audience will give to what is said next.
• Add emphasis. A pause following an important statement can emphasize its importance, give the audience time to consider the implications of what has been said, and increase its memorability.
• Offer turn taking. Pauses in meeting conversations can create space for people who are waiting to speak. Fast-paced conversations favor those who think and speak quickly and with confidence. Creating a pause in the flow can make room for those who may need time to think or who are reluctant to speak.
• Signaling a change of subject. A pause at the end of a discussion can be an invitation for any final thoughts or comments on a topic and create a break before moving to a new topic or issue.

As we work with students, colleagues, family members, and friends we should utilize the power of well-placed, strategically utilized pauses. We can become preoccupied with what we have to say, but we should not neglect the understated, but awesome potential of a thoughtful pause.

There is no shortage of arguments about whether teachers should hug students. Some say that hugs leave teachers open to accusations of inappropriate touching. Others are concerned that hugs might be misinterpreted. Still, others are not comfortable hugging anyone, including students. On the other hand, advocates speak to the importance of human connection, especially during difficult and emotional times. They argue that human touch, including hugs, are effective ways to communicate caring, encouragement, and empathy.

Meanwhile, several research studies have documented the benefits of hugs. Hugs can release oxytocin, serotonin, and dopamine—the brain’s feel-good hormones. Hugs also can activate cortisol, the anti-stress hormone, thus reducing levels of anxiety and depression. In addition, studies have shown a connection between hugs and reductions in stress-related illnesses and infection.

In an academic context, positive touch has been linked to increased class participation and increases in on-task behavior. In younger children, studies have connected positive touch with decreases in disruptive behavior.

So, what steps can we take to minimize the risks associated with hugs and maximize the benefits? We can start by noting these elements:

• Become familiar with and follow any school policies that might provide guidance or present restrictions on hugging and related contact with students.
• Discuss the concepts of personal space and giving permission with students.
• Ask for permission before initiating a hug, especially with students who may have experienced trauma.
• Respect any cultural difference that might be related to physical contact.
• Keep hugs brief and non-intrusive.
• Allow students to initiate hugs.
• Consider side hugs as an alternative.
• Confine hugs to public spaces.

Of course, hugs are not the only options for making human contact. If hugs are not for you or appropriate in the current setting, consider one or more of the following alternatives:

• Fist bumps
• Elbow bumps
• High fives/air fives
• Shoulder taps
• Handshakes
• Authentic smiles
• Kind and encouraging words
• Meaningful eye contact
• Written sticky notes

We might think of these alternatives to hugs as “micro-moments” of acknowledgement and connection. Not all of them carry the level of connection and offer the same psychological and physical benefits of hugs. However, depending on the setting, cultural context, age and gender of students, and our comfort level, they can be safe, useful, and beneficial alternatives.

We may not think much about the importance of trust in our classroom. In fact, we may even assume that it occurs naturally. Yet, trust is not something that just happens. Trust grows as the result of multiple factors, including feelings of safety, predictability, respect, confidence, and compassion. Of course, trust matters because unless students trust us, learning will be a struggle and may not occur at all.

We might think that we just need students to trust that we are there to stimulate, nurture, and extend their learning. Yet trust is often more complex and multi-dimensional than we might presume. Trust exists at various levels of strength and in response to multiple levels of experience. In fact, trust in classrooms takes on at least three distinct levels.

In its most basic level, students trust that they will be safe, they will be treated fairly, they know what is expected of them, and they will be treated with dignity and respect. When trust at this level is present, students’ attention shifts from protection and survival mode to learning mode. Routines and predictability lessen their anxiety and free their mental resources to hear and process instruction, engage in problem solving, and be creative. On the other hand, when a basic sense of safety and security are not present, students are more likely to be anxious, preoccupied, and withdrawn.

The second level of classroom trust indicates that students have confidence that we have the competence to help them succeed. Students want to feel confident that we have the knowledge and skills necessary to teach them. They want reassurance that we possess deep content knowledge and can share it with them using clear, supportive, and effective strategies. Trust at this level also extends to our preparing engaging and purposeful lessons and our readiness to adjust when students struggle. Further, students want to trust that we will provide timely, specific, actionable, and encouraging feedback to support their learning.

The third level of classroom trust rests on whether students feel that we care about them as a person. Trust at this level is personal. Students want to feel that we really “see” them. Students seek reassurance that we are willing to listen and respect their feelings and perspectives. They want us to notice their strengths, understand their challenges, and acknowledge the effort they give. Trust at this level also extends beyond the classroom to our interest in students’ lives, such as hobbies, interests, family, etc.

Obviously, the levels of trust are interdependent and build on each other. Without a basic sense of safety, trust in our instructional competence holds little value and relational trust is out of reach. When just the first two layers of trust are present, learning often takes on a transactional feel with students cooperating and complying but not taking learning risks and extending their learning beyond what is required. The door to the transformational power of learning opens when trust at all three levels is strong. Learning can occur without fear or hesitation. Students can take on difficult learning tasks, make mistakes, and explore new learning paths with the confidence that we are there to guide, support, and encourage them.

So, what behaviors can we practice if we hope to establish trust at each of these three levels? Here are examples at each level to consider:

Basic trust:

• Establish and follow clear, predictable, useful routines.
• Create and consistently enforce clear, reasonable rules and expectations.
• Protect students from ridicule, bullying, and exclusion.
• Follow through on commitments.
• Own and correct our mistakes.

Competence Trust:

• Design lessons with student readiness, interest, and learning goals in mind.
• Strive for clarity and digestibility when presenting new information and introducing new skills.
• Notice and encourage progress (even when it is small).
• Provide timely, actionable, and encouraging feedback.
• Frequently check for understanding and seek feedback to increase clarity and reduce confusion.

Relational Trust:

• Listen deeply and actively to what matters to students.
• Make personal connections with students through interest in their lives beyond the classroom.
• Share confidence in their potential, notice their strengths, and encourage their passions.
• Encourage students to take learning risks and reassure them of our support.
• Assume positive intentions and integrity.
• Show our humanity by being willing to be vulnerable and share our interests and passions.

The truth is that trust precedes learning. Unless students trust that we will make the classroom a safe place, learning will be a challenge. Unless students trust that we can teach them, they are not likely to invest and take risks. On the other hand, when students feel safe, trust our competence, and feel seen, supported, and cared for, there is no limit to what they can accomplish.