The Master Teacher Blog

It is a fact that much of what students learn in school is quickly forgotten. We often find that we need to return to previously learned content and skills to refresh and restore what students have learned. However, not all types of learning and learning experiences require as much reinforcement and repetition to solidify them in students’ memories.

When learning experiences are accompanied by certain “learning drivers” they become more memorable and can be recalled long after other learning experiences are forgotten. We can strengthen and lengthen students’ recall of new learning by tapping these drivers in our instruction and the design of learning engagements we present.

Here are five powerful types of learning experiences that stimulate longer recall:

• Significant effort is required. The adage— “Easy come, easy go”—can be applied to learning that is quickly and effortlessly gained. The brain tends to remember learning experiences that require effort and struggle more often than learning that comes easily. The experience of a “productive struggle” requires focus, effort, and persistence. The brain interprets these energy investments as a signal that what is being learned must be important and should be stored for later recall and use. Challenging concepts, difficult problems, and complex cases studies are examples of learning that may require greater effort investment and lead to longer recall. Of course, what may represent struggle for some students may require less effort for others, so we need to consider student readiness as we design learning challenges.
• Emotions drive the experience. Emotions have been described as the “hand maidens” of learning. When learning experiences are accompanied by strong emotional components, they tend to stick. Unfortunately, positive and negative emotions can have a similar impact. An uncomfortable, frustrating, or anger producing learning experience can be recalled with equal or greater intensity as a positive, empowering, reinforcing, and enjoyable learning experience. Compelling stories, delightful surprises, inspiring insights, and meaningful experiences can be great emotional anchors to help students recall what they have learned.
• Learning is self-discovered. One of the most powerful and memorable types of learning experiences is the “aha moment.” According to a recent study of learning generated by a new insight, discovery, or connection, or “aha moments” often more than double the strength and length of memory compared to most other types of learning experiences. The suddenness, certainty, intensity, and internal reward associated with “aha moments” can be so strong that they reorganize how the brain perceives and processes information associated with the learning. Obviously, “aha moments” are personal experiences that are generated through personal interest, readiness, and engagement. However, they can be stimulated by instructional strategies such as Socratic questioning, sharing analogies, tapping metaphors, and creating cognitive dissonance. 
• Learning is a social experience. Learning often is more meaningful and memorable when it occurs in a social context. Interactions with and learning from others creates connections and context for new learning. Learning that involves social interaction activates language and social processing areas of the brain and makes what is learned easier to recall. Navigating differences in perceptions and accessing the understanding of others can make learning meaningful and memorable. Activities such as discussions, debates, group projects, and peer teaching can become powerful and long-recalled learning experiences. 
• Learning is actively generated. When students are actively engaged in the process of learning, they tend to recall what they have learned longer than they do when they have only merely read, been told, or observed the information. Active learning typically engages multiple senses and activates multiple regions of the brain. The more ways in which students experience learning, the more memorable it becomes. When students participate in simulations, role-playing, project completion, real-world problems, and other active learning, what they learn tends to stick. 

Obviously, these teaching and learning strategies exist within a context. They are most powerful when the content and skills students are asked to learn seem relevant, meaningful, and useful. Also, when we want to quickly refresh learning gained through these strategies, we can tap the experience students had while learning as well as the content or skill involved. 

Education is serious work, but it does not have to be humorless. In fact, humor and its companion—laughter—can be powerful tools for leading a school staff, an instructional team or task force, a group of colleagues, or class of students.

What makes humor so powerful? When we laugh, we activate dopamine, a feel-good brain chemical. Dopamine can stimulate learning and extend recall. Dopamine is self-reinforcing. It leaves us wanting more; thus, it builds engagement. Further, dopamine fosters connections when it is part of shared experiences. Laughter also can be a signal that we are in a safe place and can be ourselves. Humor can lighten the mood and the load. It can lessen feelings of stress and stimulate creativity.

Some of us might think that we are not naturally funny. However, finding humor does not mean that we must be a comedian. In fact, laughter can come from many sources. We can start by not taking ourselves too seriously. We also need to be open to seeing and enjoying humor when it reveals itself. Here are five places where we can find and generate a smile, a chuckle, a full-blown belly laugh, or maybe just an appreciative eye roll:

• Tap low risk sources of humor such as cartoons, jokes, and funny stories. The combination of what we find humorous and what we know about our audience— whether staff or students—can be our guide. It is often best to search for humor that relates to the work we are doing or the learning we are nurturing. Not being the original source of humor does not mean it is less effective.
• Share short videos or clips. We can look for content related to a topic, challenge, or goal that also features a humorous approach. A brief, appropriate video clip can stimulate interest and spark ideas while also lightening the atmosphere and creating a readiness for what lies ahead.
• Share our experiences, missteps, misunderstandings, and foibles. Self-effacing stories and reflections can break tension and lighten the mood. Our willingness to share something about ourselves can make us more relatable and allow others to relax and be themselves.
• Recognize, pause, and enjoy the unexpected and ironic things that happen or are said. Finding something funny in real time can make work more enjoyable and learning more meaningful. A statement of the obvious, a surprising insight that explains, or an unintended pun can be the stimulus for new ideas, launch a new line of thinking, or open the door to new learning.
• Delegate the search for humor to a team member or student. As noted earlier, we do not always have to be the source of humor. We might ask a particularly funny team member or creative student to come up with a joke or story to kick off a meeting or class. However, we may need to provide some guidance and boundaries to avoid misapplication of the assignment.

Like any powerful tool, humor must be handled with care and utilized with thought and purpose. When employing humor, we do well to:

• Consider the context
• Think of the impact
• Stay away from stereotypes
• Avoid embarrassing or humiliating anyone
• Stay away from off-color innuendos or double meanings

Humor, when used with care and discretion, can add an important dimension to our leadership and assist with learning. We can introduce levity, lessen stress, and create community through the humor we borrow, create, and recognize.  

The process of thinking about one’s thinking, or metacognition, is increasingly important in today’s world, but it is not new. In fact, Socrates encouraged and taught this skill to his students. Although, it is unlikely that he called it metacognition.

There may have been a time when teaching students what to think was adequate to prepare them for the future. However, if those days existed, they are in the past. Today, unless students learn how to think and learn, they are likely to find themselves unprepared for what lies ahead for them in life and their careers. Of course, it remains important to give students moral guidance and grounding in ethical principles. But their success will lie in their capacity to reflect, assess, consider, and decide when and how what they know currently applies, and what they still need to learn.

Students who are proficient in metacognition have several advantages over those who do not. Metacognitive strategies can help students to choose the strategies and approaches most likely to lead to success. When students are skilled at thinking about their thinking, they are better able to diagnose false assumptions, uncover flaws in their thinking and approach, and adapt to unfamiliar challenges and situations.

So, what are some approaches we can use to teach students about metacognition and how to use it? Here are six proven effective strategies to consider and apply:

• Model our own metacognition for students. We might talk through how we understand, consider and approach a problem. We can explain and discuss steps we take in addressing a challenge or when trying something new, and why we chose each step. We might even reflect out loud about an error we made and by reflecting we were able to correct our actions or find a solution.
• Explicitly teach metacognitive strategies. A great place to start is to have students set goals for their learning. The existence of goals gives students something to focus on. Additionally, we might teach students to self-question as they read and study. Rather than plowing through content, students can reflect on what they understand, where they may be confused, and what more they need to know. Further, we can coach students to summarize as they learn. Summarizing helps students to confirm their learning and embed what they are absorbing in memory. Also, we can teach students to analyze errors. Pausing to reflect on why they made a mistake can be far more valuable than focusing solely on what they got wrong.
• Introduce students to planning, monitoring, and evaluating their learning. We can coach students to think through their desired outcome before starting a learning task, beginning a project, or approaching a problem. Asking “What do I want to learn/accomplish/solve?” can provide direction and focus for their efforts. We can encourage students to pause during the activity to ask themselves whether they are following their plan or making progress toward the outcome they identified. Making mid-course adjustments also can be empowering and productive actions. Further, we can engage students in reflection about what went well, what they learned, and what they might do better next time.
• Have students capture their learning by journaling. Writing is a great way to process experiences and solidify learning. Journaling also helps to move learning from an externally stimulated experience to one the student owns. Capturing ideas, reflecting on experiences, and exploring questions can be powerful ways to build confidence and deepen understanding.
• Engage students in debriefing and reflective discussions with peers. Talking about learning experiences can build greater awareness and lead to new insights about what was learned. Explaining plans, summarizing strategies, and describing thinking can lead to greater clarity and introspection. However, this process may require us to provide some structure such as sentence stems: “My plan was…” “If I were to do this again…” or “What I noticed about my thinking was…” “I discovered that I learn best when…”
• Encourage and celebrate productive struggle. We can reinforce the importance and rewards of persistence combined with patience, reflection, and adjustment. Identifying options and changing strategies builds confidence and resilience. Meanwhile, shifting approaches often leads to learning breakthroughs. We might call out times when students felt stuck before shifting strategy, adjusting effort, and accessing their resources to find success. Of course, having students recount these experiences can be especially powerful and influential to classmates.

Thinking can be hard. Thinking about thinking can be even more challenging. Nevertheless, with practice, coaching, and support, students can become amazingly reflective, insightful, and flexible learners.

We know that the information provided by formative assessments is crucial to understanding what students know and how their learning is progressing. Formative assessments—quizzes, assignments, drafts, and other progress-related information—can tell us what students have mastered, where their learning is uncertain or shaky, and when they are ready to move their learning forward. The information that is generated can tell us how to plan for future instruction and tell students what to do next, how close they are to achieving learning goals, and when they are ready for summative assessments.

Yet, formative assessments often are fraught with confusion, misinterpretation, and even resistance. Too often, when students are introduced to the terms “formative” and “summative” assessments they immediately translate them into what counts for a grade and what doesn’t. As a result, they may conclude that they do not need to give effort or even regularly engage in work that is “formative,” assuming that it will not have an impact on their grade.

This thinking is often the result of an over-emphasis on grades and under-emphasis on learning. One of the crucial shifts in thinking and focusing on making formative assessment activities meaningful is to de-emphasize grades when it is practical to do so. Grades should reflect learning. Grades are results. The daily work of learning is what determines if students will do well when grades are determined. On the other hand, if grades are the only focus, formative assessments may not seem important.

It is crucial that students to see the relationship between information from formative activities and their performance on summative assessments. Doing well or showing progress on formative assessments almost always is predictive of how students will do on summative assessments.

It is worth noting that we work with young people who often lack the maturity or life experience to connect continuous, diligent effort with successful outcomes. They may not realize the connection between what they do every day and where they end up at the end of a teaching and learning cycle. This is an important life lesson for us to teach.

Of course, some students may do well on summative assessments despite not completing and submitting much formative evidence. When this is the case, we need to ask ourselves if the learning we offered was challenging enough to be worthwhile for the student, or possibly, if the student already knew the content or possessed the skill. 

So, how can we help students see and value the relationship between formative and summative assessments? Obviously, it depends on the nature of the barriers or confusion students have concerning this relationship. Here are seven arguments or explanations that might help.

We might start by reminding students of the importance of practice before a game or performance. Whether competing in athletics, performing in theater, making music, or playing chess, practice and rehearsal is what leads to success. Beginners, amateurs, and professionals all practice and measure their progress before attempting to compete or perform. Formative assessment activities measure where additional practice and skill development are needed.

We can draw on students’ experience with video games. Rarely is success achieved on a first attempt in a video game. Often many steps, multiple attempts and skill growth are required before significant progress and success are achieved. Formative assessment activities are intermediate attempts and progress markers.

We might present students with examples of how performance on formative assessments led to success in summative assessments for other students. We might also share counter examples that demonstrate that poor performance on formative assessments led to lack of success on a summative assessment. When students understand this relationship, it is easier for them to invest in formative activities.

We can give students tools to chart their progress. If we have students set goals for their learning, charting progress can be an informative and satisfying activity. Students need to see a purpose and use for formative assessment information. Progress monitoring becomes the data students use to see improvement and analyze where they need to improve or what they are ready to learn next.

We might make it a practice to meet and discuss formative assessment information with students. We can coach students on how to make sense of and use formative assessment information. We also might discuss with students the next steps in learning the information suggests. Planning together can build students’ understanding, strengthen their confidence, and lead them to value the information formative assessments can offer.

Finally, we can make a personal connection. We might say to students, “I care too much and desire too much for you to allow you to fail. I also want you to learn how to invest, persist, and achieve success in whatever you choose to do with your life. The process of assessing as you learn is a proven powerful strategy that leads to success in virtually any effort.”

Do you have additional ideas to encourage students to engage in and take formative assessment activities seriously? What would you suggest?

Teaching in today’s environment is challenging work. The press and stress we feel can lead us to pull back and rely on traditional, longstanding, seemingly safe instructional practices and strategies. We might think that traditional approaches will serve well enough and produce enough evidence of learning to satisfy the expectations we face.

It is true that there are many longstanding practices that have “passed the test of time.” However, the challenging and changing future our students face and what we have discovered about learning over the past few decades ask us to shift our thinking, adjust our practices, and embrace new levels of teaching and learning success.

In fact, some of the traditional practices and approaches we have been taught and have relied on can become distractions from reaching the levels of teaching and learning excellence we want to achieve. Consider these five traditional practices and how they might be adjusted to lift the learning of our students to new levels.

Distraction #1: Demanding compliance over nurturing commitment.

Demanding compliance has traditionally been the dominate and most frequently taught approach to instruction and classroom management. This approach is based on the assumption that in order for students to learn, their behavior must be controlled, and that students likely won’t choose to learn what we are asking of them unless they are forced. Obviously, we need a level of order and respect for learning to occur. However, depending on compliance alone offers little benefit beyond control of the physical actions of students. If we hope to have students invest in learning beyond what is mandated, we must do more. We need to invite interest, provoke curiosity, share awe, design challenge, encourage voice, and offer meaningful choices.

In a compliance environment, learning work is finished when demands are satisfied, and expectations are met. In a commitment-driven environment, learning continues until curiosity is satisfied, important questions are answered, and learning challenges have been defeated.

Distraction #2: Focusing on superficial understanding over deep learning.

Students can gain a surface level understanding of content presented to them by repeating what is said, retelling what they have read, and recounting other information they have been fed. However, deep understanding and pervasive learning comes when students dissect what is presented, debate what they are seeking to understand, digest what they have come to grasp, and learn to utilize the insights they have gained. If we want students to gain deep understanding, we need to value rich exploration and introduce new content with at least as many questions as clear and obvious answers. Information and skills need context to be compelling. Students need opportunities and reasons to investigate and assess what they are learning, not just be assessed to determine if they have learned.

The best evidence of deep learning can be found in students’ confidence and competence to apply their learning in varied contexts, use it to create new insights, and employ it to explore broader and deeper implications. 

Distraction #3: Settling for information consumption over knowledge creation.

Our education system is largely designed to have students consume information and learn skills taught to them. While this approach may have been adequate in the past, the world we need to prepare today’s students for will reward the ability to turn what is known into something more. Simply applying formulas, following processes, and replicating what can be digitized and programmed for performance by technology is no longer enough. Curiosity, imagination, creativity, questioning, and being challenged leads to learning for which students feel ownership.

When students discover new insights, uncover new implications, and formulate new ideas, they move from consumers of information to generators of knowledge. 

Distraction #4: Focusing on end-of-cycle learning assessments over learning retention.

When our attention and students’ focus are aimed solely on assessment performance at the conclusion of units and other learning segments, we risk students falling into the trap of “test and forget.” Unless learning has a greater, long-term purpose for students, they are likely to lose new learning soon after it is assessed.

If we want students to retain what they have learned, we need to help them connect new learning with past learning, frequently return to the learned skills and content for review and application, and design activities that depend on past learning to refresh recall and give students reasons to retain what they have learned. 

Obviously, there are many instructional practices that have served well in the past and deserve to be continued. However, we must be vigilant in our assessment of what our practices can produce and feel urgency in our quest to shift and modify our approaches to maximize their impact and enrich student learning.

Frustration around the expectation to entertain while educating has grown in frequency and intensity as technology, social media, and other sources of entertainment increasingly compete for the attention of our students. Fortunately, we do not necessarily have to choose one or the other. We can provide students with experiences that feature both entertainment and education. It is possible to hold two ideas in our thinking at the same time. We can focus on standards and learning goals while seeking the best ways to achieve them.

The Cambridge dictionary defines edutainment as “The process of entertaining people at the same time that you are teaching them something, and the products such as television programs, software, and others that do this.” Edutainment might be thought of as a continuum featuring entertainment and education. There is a time and place for edutainment and time for an exclusive focus on learning. Of course, overreliance on edutainment can lead students to believe that learning should always be colorful, entertaining, and fun. They can reach the conclusion that they are the audience and educators are the entertainers.

Stories, analogies, humor, examples, videos, role play scenarios, games, and simulations can provide a context, stimulate interest, and present crucial information to support learning. However, we must be careful not to focus so heavily on the supporting activities that shortchange or abandon the intended learning. Edutainment might be thought of as a resource and strategy to support a learning effort or activity. It is not pedagogy.

Building motivation and activating engagement play important roles in learning, but they are not learning. They can prepare students for learning, but they are not ends in themselves. Our work is to help students to develop cognitive connections and structure. This work requires thinking, reflection, and application. It may feature multiple attempts before success is achieved. It can be enjoyable and rewarding, but it is not always fun.

So how might we think about the role of edutainment in our classrooms without assuming that we must be entertainers? Here are six elements to consider:

1. Think of edutainment as a strategy. We might use it as a hook to build interest, a means to renew or build background knowledge, or an experience to make a connection.
2. Start with learning goals and outcomes. If we choose to engage in or enlist some form of edutainment, we need to be certain that it aligns with and supports what we want students to learn. If we don’t and they fail to make a connection, it is just entertainment.
3. Include multiple learning modes. The more ways in which we expose and engage students to hints, previews, visuals, sounds, and actions related to learning, the wider the range of students we are likely to engage.
4.  Search for emotional hooks. Some of the best options for engaging students involve love, hate, outrage, compassion, irony, intrigue, and other emotional connections. Compelling stories, persuasive analogies, heart-tugging examples, and other invitations for students to care can generate surprisingly strong motivation and engagement.
5. Find ways to involve students in creating the experience. Students might design games, develop role play scenarios, create videos, or other engaging activities to introduce and support learning.
6. Follow up edutainment activities. The value of this type of activity is found in the connections and reflections that students make. Observations, analyses, discussions, and even debates can move students from passive listening to active thinking.

Meanwhile, we need to be mindful of several cautions:

• Avoid activities that are overly simplistic and superficial. Our goal is to prepare students for the learning that lies ahead. Activities that lack depth and connections can leave students confused and unable to grasp the intended purpose.
• Resist over-engineering edutainment activities. Time and other resources are precious. Too much time spent preparing and conducting introductory activities can distract and compromise the focus on the time available for learning.
• Use edutainment sparingly. Overuse of fun, entertaining activities can reduce students’ attention spans and leave them impatient and intolerant of extended and rigorous learning.
• Make sure that students have access to necessary resources. Some students may not have the technology and other material resources necessary to participate. Check to be certain all students can participate before presenting an edutainment experience.
• Don’t confuse entertainment and instruction. The real work of learning comes after an edutainment experience. Explicit instruction, reflection, practice, application, and formative assessment are the elements that make learning happen.

The bottom line is that educators do not have to be entertainers. However, finding ways to engage students in experiences that make learning more interesting, intriguing, and compelling can build intrinsic motivation and support deeper engagement.

The workshop model of lesson construction is designed to focus student attention and activities on building understanding, developing ownership, and fostering independence. It also offers the advantage of application across disciplines and subject areas and has been proven to be successful when put into practice.

While there are variations in the ways workshop activities are labeled and described, they share core elements that help to accelerate, solidify, and extend learning. The following are six learning and teaching components common to widely accepted workshop approaches, and a description of how each component accelerates the learning process.

Component #1: Prepare students with engaging opening activities. We might start with a compelling narrative that reveals the relevance and importance of what students will be learning. The activity might reveal and reinforce connections to prior learning. It could be a challenge activity that invites students to solve a problem or find an answer that will be revealed in the upcoming lesson. This activity also might be a pre-assessment task that reveals what students need to review or may still need to learn.

Accelerator: Preparation activities activate thinking and help students get ready to learn.

Component #2: Present brief, focused, relevant mini lessons. Lessons that generate the greatest amount of learning are not long. In fact, maximum attention and information absorption typically extend only for about 10-20 minutes depending on the age and maturity of students, the complexity of the content, and the compelling nature of what students will learn. While we might be tempted to extend our explanation, provide greater detail, or delve into specifics, research shows that students’ attention will begin to wane when the information we share extends beyond this relatively short time span. The key is to discern what is most important for students to learn next, organize the content in the most understandable and manageable format, and present the information with energy, commitment, and authenticity. Mini lessons do not have to be provided through direct instruction. Flexible strategies and variations can be employed to expose students to new learning content.

Accelerator: Short, targeted instruction taps into students’ energy and attention while they are at their peak.

Component #3: Provide opportunities for reflection. When the lesson is finished, students need time to absorb and make sense of what they have heard, seen, and experienced. Often called “brain breaks,” these are important opportunities for students to place what they are learning in working memory where it is sorted and prioritized for storage in long-term memory. We might have students physically move, engage in a mindfulness activity, or another activity that does not require significant mental energy. As little as 3-5 minutes can be adequate to accomplish this goal.

Accelerator: Students’ brains immediately begin to organize and store new information in working memory.

Component #4: Design opportunities for students to interact with what they are learning. Activities such as peer teaching, think-pair-share, and drawing pictural representations and mind maps help students to process new information, strengthen their grasp of information, and articulate their understanding of what they are learning. Students may work alone, in pairs, small groups, or large groups, depending on the content and activity.

Accelerator: Students practice sorting new information, clearing up areas of confusion or misunderstanding, and readying new learning for long-term memory.

Component #5: Arrange for application of new information or skills. Using new skills and applying new understanding to relevant, purposeful, and challenging activities further solidifies learning and builds confidence in using new knowledge. Practice activities also provide additional opportunities to clear up remaining confusion and dispel any misconceptions.

Accelerator: The shift to application and practice completes the transition from learning dependence to independence.

Component #6: Debrief for clarity and understanding. As a concluding activity, debriefing provides an opportunity for students to reflect on their learning. Reviewing strategies, noting areas of struggle, and owning progress and new understanding helps to complete the learning process and move new information toward long-term memory. This can also be an opportunity to identify areas or elements of learning that still need support and review in the future.

Accelerator: Debriefing helps students to understand their learning journey, develop ownership of what they have learned, and provide us with feedback to use as we plan future instruction.

The workshop approach also offers the flexibility to be compressed or expanded depending on the content, amount of time available, and student readiness. Some components might be introduced one day and followed by remaining components the next day. Or, if time allows, the entire process can be accomplished in a single session.

Think about how you already employ elements of the workshop model. Are there areas or aspects you might strengthen or add? How might you adjust your approach depending on the content you teach, the age and maturity of your students, and schedule constraints you face?

Some of the most important tasks to accomplish during the first weeks of school are to learn what students know and can recall, where they may need to review and refresh their learning, and what will need to be retaught before moving forward with new content. Of course, it is best if we can engage students in activities that generate the information we need, while also reinforcing what students already know and building their confidence. A bonus is to have the process be interesting, engaging, and enjoyable. 

There are many potential approaches and strategies for gaining the information we seek. Here are five activities to consider.

Have students build “This I know” walls. For this activity, briefly refer to or describe a concept or skill that students have learned previously. Then ask students to write what they remember on sticky notes and place them on a wall poster you have labeled with the target concept or skill. You may have to offer some gentle probing and nudging to assist students to inventory their memories but resist reteaching at this point. Once students have finished placing their sticky notes, ask students to help you group the notes into subtopics or connected ideas. Follow with a discussion and debrief about what students know and where there are gaps that will require further attention. This activity can be a catalyst to ignite curiosity and motivation for students to fill in their understanding and be ready to move their learning forward.  

Provide student teams with blank or partially completed graphic organizers, timelines, or outlines to complete. Identify a previously learned multi-component concept, multi-part skill, sequence of events, multi-step process, or other content that is comprised of multiple parts, steps, or components. Have teams fill in the blanks with what they know about the components or relationships. The activity might involve a scientific process, a series of historical events, or a mathematical concept, or other content important to future learning. Depending on the age and maturity of your students and the concepts and skills involved, you might fill in some key blanks and gaps in advance to give students hints and guidance. It also might be advantageous to allow students to access resources that can assist them with the task but not immediately provide the answers.   

Design an information scavenger hunt. Create a list of questions that tap into learning from the past year that can help to set the stage for learning that lies ahead. Short answer and fill in the blank questions may work best for the purpose of this activity. Divide students into teams of two or three. In the first phase of the activity, students will respond to the questions they already know the answers to, without accessing resources other than their team members. When they are finished have them designate the answers they generated and with which all team members agreed. Responses to which there is not agreement should be deferred to the second phase. When students are ready, designate resources they can utilize to answer the remaining questions. You might limit the options to the textbook, tangible resources in the classroom, other teams, or you may open the options for students to search online. When the teams are finished, spend some time debriefing the activity, including what they already knew, what they learned, and where they remain uncertain. This activity can be a good stimulator for recall of past learning while also providing you with information about what may need to be reviewed and retaught before moving forward.

Give low stakes quizzes with a twist. Rather than only collecting question responses related to past learning, provide space next to each question for students to indicate whether they are certain their answer is correct, sort of sure, not sure at all. By collecting this next level of information, you can discern where students are solid and confident with past learning, where they have some recollection but may need review, and areas where more extensive review or reteaching will be necessary. Armed with this information, you can plan what needs to be reviewed and retaught, form flexible groups for instruction, and decide when students are ready to move forward with new learning.

Create retrospective anchor charts. Identify key concepts and skills that students typically struggle to recall or likely will need refreshing before they are ready to move forward. Capturing this information in a few anchor charts and posting them as you introduce new content will make it convenient to provide students with real time reminders and support you to offer quick reviews for students. They can also provide subtle reminders for students to access if they need reminders to fill in some gaps but do not need reteaching.

Armed with the information we have collected, we can plan the next steps in instruction and decide how best to group students in the initial weeks of school. Of course, any of these activities might be employed or repeated later in the year when we are ready to introduce new content or skills and need to know what students already know and can do.